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The bottom rungs of the ladder are (1) Manipulation and (2) Therapy. These two rungs describe levels of 'non-participation' that have been contrived by some to substitute for genuine participation. Their real objective is not to enable people to participate in planning or conducting programs, but to enable powerholders to. Aug 06, 2017 A New Ladder Of Citizen Participation Pdf. There is a critical difference between going through the empty ritual of participation and having the real.
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