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Chronology of calculator developments. Year Major Development Mechanical Calculators Electronic Calculators Ancient times The abacus is the main aid to calculation. C1600 'Napier's bones' invented by John Napier for multiplication, based on the ancient numerical scheme known as the Arabian lattice. 1620 Slide rule. William Gunter developed a logarithmic rule for multiplication and division using dividers, which was the forerunner of the slide rule. 1622 William Oughtred invented the circular slide rule, and in 1633 described the rectilinear version. 1623 First mechanical calculator.
Willhelm Schickard invented the 'Calculating Clock', the first mechanical calculator. It used a version of Napier's bones for multiplication with a mechanical adding/subtracting calculator based on gears, with mutilated gears for carry. 1642 Blaise Pascal started to develop a mechanical calculator - the Pascaline. Capable of addition, subtraction was performed by nines-complement addition, and multiplication was performed by repeated additions and subtractions. It had shortcomings and failed to sell.
C1673 Gottfried Leibniz developed the Stepped Reckoner using stepped gear wheels. Performed the 4 functions, but worked erratically due to an error in the carry mechanism, none sold. 1820 Charles Xavier Thomas's Arithmometer. 1851 Victor Schilt exhibited a key-driven adding machine at the Crystal Palace Exposition in London. 1853 The Scheutz Difference Engine completed: the world's first printing calculator.
1872 Start of period of development of commercially successful mechanical calculators. Frank Baldwin in the USA invents the pin-wheel calculator. Odhner in Sweden independently develops the pin-wheel calculator, the first of the long series of calculators. Since then, many calculating machines have used the same principle. 1878 The first direct multiplication machine was built by Raymond Verea.
Felt invents the, the first succesfull key-driven adding and calculating machine. In 1886 he joined with Robert Tarrant to form the Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Company which went on to make thousands of Comptometers. 1891 William S.
Burroughs began commercial manufacture of his printing adding calculator. 1893 Millionaire calculator introduced. It allowed direct multiplication by any digit - 'one turn of the crank for each figure in the multiplier'. 1902 The Dalton adding-listing machine was the first of its type to use only ten keys - first 10-key add-lister. 1900 - 1975 Steady development of mechanical calculators - size reduction, electric motor drive, added features (eg.
Automatic multiplication & division)., a typical electrically driven, stepped-gear calculator with automatic multiplication and division. 1948 miniature hand-held mechanical calculator introduced.
One of the few major innovations in mechanical calculators in the mid 20th century. 1961 The first electronic desktop calculators. They use vacuum tubes. The world's first electronic desktop calculators were announced by the Bell Punch Co., Uxbridge, England - the for the continental European market and the for other markets.
These models used cold-cathode vacuum tubes and numerical display ('Nixie' type) tubes. 1962 Development work on transistorised desktop calculators. The Philips company shows. These were to demonstrate what could be achieved with Philips semiconductors and were not sold commercially 1963 - 1964 First commercial transistorised desktop calculators. First commercial all-transistor desktop calculators:, Mathatron,,.
Prices comparable to that of family cars. 1965 Start of development of hand-held electronic calculators. Texas Instruments starts development work on a hand-held calculator - the. 1969 First battery powered, hand-held, electronic calculator.
First calculator using just LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips -, with ICs by Rockwell. Size & weight much reduced, calculator now portable.
First battery powered, hand-held calculator -. Green fluorescent tube displays introduced. 1970 Hand-held calculators take off. First shirt pocket sized electronic calculator. All very expensive. Some of the first hand-held calculators:,,, but very expensive. First use of 'calculator on a chip' introduced by Mostek of Dallas - used in (desk calculator) and allows the production of the first shirt pocket sized electronic calculator, the. Scuba Dj Kicks Unmixed RARE.
First use of LED (Light Emitting Diode) displays used in. 1971 First calculator to use a microprocessor. First microprocessor - Intel 4004 - was designed for and used in desk calculator. 1972 Rapid development of electronic calculators, and reduction in price. First scientific pocket calculator introduced -. Ultra-thin launched.
Many new companies entering the calculator business and prices dropping rapidly. LCD (Liquid Crystal Device) displays appear briefly in a version giving silver-reflective numbers, including:,. The sees the first use of C-MOS (Complementary Metal-oxide Semiconductor) integrated circuits in a calculator. 1973 First Sharp 'COS' (Crystal on Substrate) reflective LCD calculators, including. 1974 Texas Instruments awarded patent for 'miniature electronic calculator', based on the (see 1965).
The is the first hand-held programmable calculator. 1975 Mechanical calculator manufacture has practically ceased. Mass production makes electronic calculators very cheap.
Mechanical calculator sales practically zero. Price of basic pocket calculators now very low, many companies leave the market due to lack of profits. 1976 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) displays (with black numbers) taking over from red LED (Light Emitting Diode) and green fluorescent tube displays in calculators due to their very low power consumption, large numbers, and high contrast. The first calculators equipped with solar cells (used to charge the internal batteries) include the and the.
1995 Jeep Grand Cherokee Drivers Door Wiring. 1978 First solar-powered and first credit card sized calculators. One of the first solar-powered calculators is the. The is the first credit card sized calculator. 1980 First hand-held computer The is the first hand-held computer; it has a QWERTY keypad and runs the BASIC language.